Trends and Outcomes of General Surgery in the Pakistani Population: A Retrospective Analysis
General Surgery in Pakistan: Trends and Outcomes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69750/dmls.02.01.090Keywords:
General surgery, Pakistan, laparoscopic surgery, postoperative outcomes, surgical complications, healthcare disparitiesAbstract
Background: General surgery in Pakistan addresses a broad spectrum of medical conditions. However, surgical outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are affected by resource limitations, disparities in healthcare access, and delayed presentations.
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate trends, outcomes, and predictors of complications in general surgery over a two-year period in a tertiary care center in Pakistan.
Methodology: A retrospective analysis was conducted on n=400 adult patients who underwent elective or emergency general surgical procedures from January 2022 to December 2024. Data on patient demographics, surgical approaches (open vs. laparoscopic), and postoperative outcomes were collected. Predictors of complications were analyzed using Chi-square tests, t-tests, and logistic regression.
Results: The mean age of patients was 44.5 (±12.8) years, with 58% being male. Laparoscopic techniques were used in 52% of surgeries, with a 6% conversion rate. Overall, 14% of patients experienced complications, including surgical site infections (5%) and hemorrhage (4%). Emergency procedures were associated with higher complication rates (p<0.01). Significant predictors of complications included BMI >30 kg/m² (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.5–3.2, p<0.001), operative time >90 minutes (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.8–4.1, p<0.001), and emergency surgery (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 2.1–4.8, p<0.001). The 30-day mortality rate was 2%, predominantly due to emergency cases.
Conclusion: While laparoscopic techniques have improved surgical outcomes in Pakistan, disparities in emergency care and resource allocation persist. Addressing key predictors of complications through systemic reforms, enhanced training, and infrastructure improvements is crucial for aligning surgical outcomes with global standards.
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