The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Immune Dysregulation and Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Gut Microbiome in IBD Immune Dysregulation

Madiha Tariq; Haleem  khan; Maryam  Gulzar; Dua  Mir; Khan Noor ul huda  kabir; Maria  Kousar

doi:10.69750/dmls.02.01.089

Authors

Madiha Tariq Ala-Too International University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Author
Haleem khan Ala-Too International University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Author
Maryam Gulzar National Institute of Food Science and Technology (NIFSAT), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad,Pakistan Author
Dua Mir Ala-Too International University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Author
Khan Noor ul huda kabir Shenyang Medical College ,Shenyang,Liaoning,China Author
Maria Kousar National Institute of Food Science and Technology (NIFSAT), University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad,Pakistan Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69750/dmls.02.01.089

Keywords:

Gut microbiome, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Dysbiosis, Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), Immune modulation

Abstract

Background: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), is a chronic, debilitating disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The gut microbiome is pivotal in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and regulating immune function. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, has been increasingly recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of IBD, driving chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation.

Objectives: This systematic review aims to explore the relationship between the gut microbiome and immune responses in IBD. Specifically, it investigates how dysbiosis contributes to disease pathogenesis and immune modulation, and evaluates the efficacy of microbiome-targeted therapies such as probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Studies included randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and systematic reviews focused on microbial alterations in IBD and the use of microbiome-targeted interventions. Quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data synthesis was performed using narrative analysis and descriptive statistics.

Results: Key findings indicate that microbial dysbiosis in IBD is marked by a reduction in beneficial taxa such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia muciniphila, alongside the overgrowth of pathogenic microbes like Escherichia coli (AIEC). Microbiome-targeted therapies, including probiotics, prebiotics, and FMT, showed promising results in restoring microbial balance, though efficacy was variable, particularly between UC and CD.

Conclusion: Dysbiosis is central to IBD pathogenesis. Microbiome-targeted therapies offer potential but require personalized approaches to improve treatment efficacy. Future research should integrate multi-omics technologies for better understanding and management of IBD.

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