The Impact of Structured Physical Activity on Glycemic Control and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Effect of Structured Physical Activity on Type-2 Diabetes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69750/dmls.01.09.075Keywords:
Type-2 diabetes, glycemic control, physical activity, structured exercise, HbA1c, fasting glucose, metabolic outcomes, aerobic exercise, resistance training, randomized controlled trial (RCT)Abstract
Background: Type-2 diabetes is a major health challenge, requiring effective interventions for glycemic and metabolic control. Structured physical activity offers a promising non-pharmacological approach to improving these outcomes.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of structured physical activity on glycemic control and metabolic outcomes in patients with Type-2 diabetes (T2D).
Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 200 adult patients with T2D, randomly assigned to one of three groups: structured exercise once a week, thrice a week or usual care. Participants followed for 6 months and exercise interventions were combined aerobic and resistance training. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting glucose the primary while Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and lipid profiles were secondary outcomes
Results: HbA1c was reduced significantly more in the thrice-weekly exercise group (-0.38%, p = 0.005) than in the once week group (-0.16%, p > 0.05) or control group. Changes in the once weekly group were not significant, whereas the thrice weekly group’s fasting glucose levels improved significantly (-0.25%, p < 0.05). BMI and lipid profile improvements were also more pronounced in the thrice weekly group with greater reductions in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol compared to other groups.
Conclusion: Thrice-weekly structured exercise significantly improves glycemic control and metabolic outcomes in T2D compared to once-weekly regimens, highlighting the importance of exercise frequency. Future research should focus on strategies to enhance adherence to frequent exercise programs.
Downloads
References
Shah SZA, Karam JA, Zeb A, Ullah R, Shah A, Haq IU, et al. Movement is Improvement: The Therapeutic Effects of Exercise and General Physical Activity on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Diabetes Therapy. 2021;12(3):707-32.doi: 10.1007/s13300-021-01005-1
Johansen MY, MacDonald CS, Hansen KB, Karstoft K, Christensen R, Pedersen M, et al. Effect of an Intensive Lifestyle Intervention on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017;318(7):637-46.doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.10169
Mukherji AB, Lu D, Qin F, Hedlin H, Johannsen NM, Chung S, et al. Effectiveness of a Community-Based Structured Physical Activity Program for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open. 2022;5(12):e2247858-e.doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47858
Edwards J, Hosseinzadeh H. The impact of structured physical activity on glycaemic control in diabetes prevention programmes: A systematic review. Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare. 2017;27(3):193-204.doi: 10.1177/2010105817739924
Wishah RA, Al-Khawaldeh OA, Albsoul AM. Impact of pharmaceutical care interventions on glycemic control and other health-related clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: Randomized controlled trial. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2015;9(4):271-6.doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2014.09.001
Kim G, Kim S, Lee Y-B, Jin S-M, Hur KY, Kim JH. A randomized controlled trial of an app-based intervention on physical activity and glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. BMC Medicine. 2024;22(1):185.doi: 10.1186/s12916-024-03408-w
Byrne H, Caulfield B, De Vito G. Effects of Self-directed Exercise Programmes on Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review Evaluating Their Effect on HbA1c and Other Metabolic Outcomes, Physical Characteristics, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Functional Outcomes. Sports Medicine. 2017;47(4):717-33.doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0593-y
Bennetsen SL, Feineis CS, Legaard GE, Lyngbæk MPP, Karstoft K, Ried-Larsen M. The Impact of Physical Activity on Glycemic Variability Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2020;11.doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00486
Sanaeinasab H, Saffari M, Yazdanparast D, Karimi Zarchi A, Al-Zaben F, Koenig HG, et al. Effects of a health education program to promote healthy lifestyle and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Primary Care Diabetes. 2021;15(2):275-82.doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2020.09.007
Zhu X, Zhao L, Chen J, Lin C, Lv F, Hu S, et al. The Effect of Physical Activity on Glycemic Variability in Patients With Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021;12.doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.767152
Hashim SA, Mohd Yusof B-N, Abu Saad H, Ismail S, Hamdy O, Mansour AA. Effectiveness of simplified diabetes nutrition education on glycemic control and other diabetes-related outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2021;45:141-9.doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.07.024
Syeda USA, Battillo D, Visaria A, Malin SK. The importance of exercise for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. American Journal of Medicine Open. 2023;9:100031.doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajmo.2023.100031
Amaravadi SK, Maiya GA, K V, Shastry BA. Effectiveness of structured exercise program on insulin resistance and quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus–A randomized controlled trial. PLOS ONE. 2024;19(5):e0302831.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302831
Duvivier BMFM, Schaper NC, Hesselink MKC, van Kan L, Stienen N, Winkens B, et al. Breaking sitting with light activities vs structured exercise: a randomised crossover study demonstrating benefits for glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2017;60(3):490-8.doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-4161-7
Gao S, Tang J, Yi G, Li Z, Chen Z, Yu L, et al. The Therapeutic Effects of Mild to Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Diabetes Therapy. 2021;12(10):2767-81.doi: 10.1007/s13300-021-01149-0
Faroqi L, Wong M, Bonde S, Wong CW, Walai K, West W, et al. Evaluating the clinical implementation of structured exercise: A randomized controlled trial among non-insulin dependent type II diabetics. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2018;74:25-31.doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2018.09.003
Abdulah DM, Hassan AB, Saadi FS, Mohammed AH. Impacts of self-management education on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2018;12(6):969-75.doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.06.007
Ranasinghe C, Devage S, Constantine GR, Katulanda P, Hills AP, King NA. Glycemic and cardiometabolic effects of exercise in South Asian Sri Lankans with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial Sri Lanka diabetes aerobic and resistance training study (SL-DARTS). Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2021;15(1):77-85.doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.011
Wake AD. Antidiabetic Effects of Physical Activity: How It Helps to Control Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. 2020;13(null):2909-23.doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S262289
Mannucci E, Antenore A, Giorgino F, Scavini M. Effects of Structured Versus Unstructured Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose on Glucose Control in Patients With Non-insulin-treated Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2018;12(1):183-9.doi: 10.1177/1932296817719290
Downloads
PlumX Metrics
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
