Smog in Pakistan, An Escalating Public Health Emergency

Abstract

Smog has become one of the most serious environmental and public health challenges confronting Pakistan, especially in major urban centers such as Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Karachi. Each winter, the toxic haze settles over these cities like a suffocating blanket, disrupting daily life, damaging the economy, and more alarmingly, endangering the health of millions [1]. Despite repeated warnings from environmental experts and healthcare professionals, Pakistan continues to struggle with a crisis that is largely preventable and deeply rooted in policy gaps, poor environmental governance, and unchecked urbanization [2].

         The primary contributors to smog in Pakistan are well known: vehicular emissions from an aging and poorly regulated transport fleet, industrial pollutants released without adequate filtration, burning of crop residue, brick kiln emissions, and domestic combustion of low-quality fuels [3]. Seasonal temperature inversions further trap these pollutants near ground level, intensifying their concentration. Fine particulate matter, especially PM2.5, often reaches levels 20 to 30 times higher than the safe limits set by the World Health Organization. These particles are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream, triggering a cascade of health complications [4].

         The impact on human health is staggering. Each smog season brings a sharp rise in respiratory illnesses such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, throat irritation, and allergic rhinitis. Emergency departments report a surge in patients presenting with breathlessness, chest tightness, and eye irritation [5]. Cardiovascular complications, including arrhythmias, hypertension, and myocardial infarction, have also been associated with high pollution days. For vulnerable populations children, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with pre-existing diseases the risk is significantly amplified. Long-term exposure is linked to reduced lung function, increased cancer risk, impaired cognitive development in children, and shortened life expectancy [6].

         Beyond health, smog cripples Pakistan’s economy. School closures, flight cancellations, reduced outdoor productivity, and healthcare costs collectively inflict billions of rupees in losses each year. The environmental damage is equally severe; polluted air impacts agriculture, ecosystems, and overall quality of life. Yet, despite the overwhelming evidence, Pakistan’s response remains fragmented and reactive [7].

          Addressing smog requires a multi-layered approach. Strict enforcement of vehicular emission standards, transition to Euro-5 compliant fuels, promotion of electric mobility, and improvement of public transport infrastructure are essential steps. Industries must be compelled to install pollution-control technologies and adopt cleaner fuels [8]. Agricultural policies need to incentivize farmers to adopt alternatives to crop stubble burning, such as modern shredding and composting techniques. Urban planning must prioritize green spaces, which act as natural air filters.

         Equally important is public awareness. Citizens play a crucial role in reducing domestic pollution sources, adopting eco-friendly practices, and demanding accountability from policymakers. Collaboration between environmental agencies, health sectors, and civil society can catalyze a more sustainable and scientifically informed strategy [10].

         Pakistan stands at a crossroads. Continuing on the current path will only deepen the health and environmental crisis. However, decisive action, strong political will, and commitment to evidence-based policymaking can pave the way for cleaner air and healthier generations. Smog is not merely an environmental concern; it is a public health emergency that requires urgent and united national action [5,10].