The Impact of High BMI on Cholesterol Levels and Type-2 Diabetes Control. A Cross-Sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69750/dmls.01.01.0018Keywords:
Glycosylated hemoglobin, Hypercholesterolemia, Body mass index, Glycemic Index. Diabetes Type-2.Abstract
Background: Higher levels of BMI have closed relationship with hypercholesterolemia and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the population with type 2 diabetes.
Study Design: Present research was a Cress-Sectional Study.
Methodology: Current study was conducted at Lahore General Hospital, Jinnah hospital Lahore and Diabetes Endocrine Metabolic Centre (DEMC) from March 2023 to january 2024. A retrospective Cross-Sectional analysis of 800 patients was considered and correlation between BMI, HbA1c and hypercholesterolemia was noted. The Underweight, Normal, Overweight, Obesity Class 1, Obesity Class 2, and Obesity Class 3 were the six categories based on BMI. One could classify HbA1c as controlled or uncontrolled. One could take cholesterol as controlled or uncontrolled.
Results: For above 500 patients, 25 percent had normal weight, 30.1% were overweight, and 35 percent were obese. Class 1 had a 25.8% obesity rate, Class 2 had a 40% obesity rate, and Class 3 had a 42 % obesity rate. Both sexes showed similar levels of obesity, HbA1c, and cholesterol control. Whereas 32.26% of patients had a controlled HbA1c. Of them, 7.8% had normal weight, 11.8% were overweight, and 0.98% were underweight. In this class, 11.8% of the patients were obese. Class 1 obesity rates were 6.2%, Class 2 obesity rates were 4.3%, and Class 3 obesity rates were 1.2%. 1.9% of patients with uncontrolled HbA1c levels were underweight, 18.2% were of normal weight, 22.1% were overweight, and 26.3% were obese out of 67.74% of patients. Class 1 obesity rates were 18.7%, Class 2 obesity rates were 6.3%, and Class 3 obesity rates were 1.4%.
Conclusion: The findings of present study were showed that BMI has close relationship with HbA1c. And hypercholesterolemia. High levels of BMI had poor glycemic and Cholesterol control.
Downloads
References
Bener A, Zirie M, Al-Rikabi A. Genetics, obesity and environmental risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes. Croat Med J. 2005;46(2):302–7.
Liu H, Liu J, Liu J, Xin S, Lyu Z, Fu X. Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as predictor of type 2 diabetes in older adults. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:828581.
Khil J, Kim SM, Chang J, Choi S, Lee G, Son JS, et al. Changes in total cholesterol and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients. Sci Rep. 2023;13:8342.
Riaz M, Qazi AMQ, Syed SA, Chaudhary AK. Hepatoprotective effects of Glycyrrhiz glabra and Cicorium intybus in paracetamol toxicity. Dev Med Life Sci. 2024;1(1).
Gutierrez MJ, Rosenberg NL, MacDougall DE, Hanselman JC, Margulies JR, Strange P, et al. Efficacy and safety of ETC-1002 in hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(3):676–83.
Kim MK, Han K, Joung HN, Baek KH, Song KH, Kwon HS. Cholesterol and cardiovascular disease in Koreans with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18:1–11.
Hussain R, Umar M, Shuja M, Khowaja S, Jabeen S, Shah SSA. Effect of ibuprofen on muscle hypertrophy and soreness. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2023;17(5):471.
Wang JS, Lo SH, Yeh YP, Hwu CM, Huang CN, Hsieh CH, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in early vs. long-term type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(9):e14410.
Rahmy AF, Afifi WM, Ghorab AA, Mostafa HA. Aerobic exercise and kidney function in CKD patients. J Egypt Soc Nephrol Transplant. 2016;16(3):97–105.
Jende JM, Groener JB, Rother C, Kender Z, Hahn A, Hilgenfeld T, et al. Serum cholesterol and peripheral nerve damage in type 2 diabetes. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(5):e194798.
Rashid M, Shahbaz MN, Akram A, Anwar A, Umar M, Ali MS, et al. Treatment of inflammatory breast disease in tertiary units. Dev Med Life Sci. 2024;1(1).
Adedeji TA. Risk factors for overweight and obesity in college students. Howard Univ; 2017.
Russo G, Pintaudi B, Giorda C, Lucisano G, Nicolucci A, Cristofaro MR, et al. LDL-cholesterol management differences in type 2 diabetes. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015.
Jaber AAF. Physical activity and cognitive function in early Alzheimer’s disease. Univ Kansas; 2010.
Fu Q, Zhang Z, Hu W, Yang Y. TG/HDL-C ratio and muscle mass in type 2 diabetes. BMC Endocr Disord. 2023;23:93.
Chen L, Pei JH, Kuang J, Chen HM, Chen Z, Li ZW, et al. Lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis. Metabolism. 2015;64(2):338–47.
Praveen EP, Kulshreshtha B, Khurana ML, Sahoo J, Gupta N, Kumar G, et al. Low HDL in offspring of type 2 diabetes patients. Hormones (Athens). 2011;10:57–66.
Lotta LA, Sharp SJ, Burgess S, Perry JR, Stewart ID, Willems SM, et al. LDL-lowering variants and type 2 diabetes risk. JAMA. 2016;316(13):1383–91.
Li K, Cao B, Wang X, Chai T, Ke J, Zhao D. Sex differences in BMI–LDL-C association in type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1180012.
Liu H, Yan S, Chen G, Li B, Zhao L, Wang Y, et al. TG/HDL-C ratio and type 2 diabetes risk. J Diabetes Res. 2021;2021.
Youk TM, Kang MJ, Song SO, Park EC. BMI and LDL-cholesterol change patterns and cardiovascular disease. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(2):e001340.
Cheng C, Liu Y, Sun X, Yin Z, Li H, Zhang M, et al. TG/HDL-C ratio and type 2 diabetes risk. J Diabetes. 2019;11(3):183–92.
Franz MJ, Boucher JL, Rutten-Ramos S, VanWormer JJ. Lifestyle weight-loss interventions in type 2 diabetes. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(9):1447–63.
Downloads
PlumX Metrics
Published
Issue
Section
License
© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third-party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you must obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
How to Cite
